Explanation/Reference:
The biggest factor that makes Computer Crimes possible is Victim Carelessness. Awareness and education can reduce the chance of someone becomming a victim.
The types and frequency of Computer Crimes are increasing at a rapid rate. Computer Crime was once mainly the result of insiders or disgruntled employees. Now just about everybody has access to the internet, professional criminals are taking advantage of this.
Specialized skills are no longer needed and a search on the internet can provide a fraudster with a plethora of tools that can be used to perpetuate fraud.
All too often carelessness leads to someone being a victim. People often use simple passwords or write them down in plain sight where they can be found by fraudsters. People throwing away papers loaded with account numbers, social security numbers, or other types of non-public personal information. There are phishing e-mail attempts where the fraudster tries to redirect a potential victim to a bogus site that resembles a legitimate site in an attempt to get the users’ login ID and password, or other credentials.
There is also social engineering. Awareness and training can help reduce the chance of someone becoming a victim.
The following answers are incorrect:
The fraudster obtaining advanced training and special knowledge. Is incorrect because training and special knowledge is not required. There are many tools widely available to fraudsters.
Collusion with others in information processing. Is incorrect because as more and more people use computers in their daily lives, it is no longer necessary to have someone on the inside be a party to fraud attempts.
System design flaws. Is incorrect because while System design flaws are sometimes a factor in Computer Crimes more often then not it is victim carelessness that leads to Computer Crimes.
References:
OIG CBK Legal, Regulations, Compliance and Investigations (pages 695 – 697)

Block ciphers do not use public cryptography (private and public keys). Block ciphers is a type of symmetric-key encryption algorithm that transforms a fixed-size block of plaintext (unencrypted text) data into a block of ciphertext (encrypted text) data of the same length. They are appropriate for software implementations and can operate internally as a stream. See more info below about DES in Output Feedback Mode (OFB), which makes use internally of a stream cipher.
The output feedback (OFB) mode makes a block cipher into a synchronous stream cipher. It generates keystream blocks, which are then XORed with the plaintext blocks to get the ciphertext. Just as with other stream ciphers, flipping a bit in the ciphertext produces a flipped bit in the plaintext at the same location. This property allows many error correcting codes to function normally even when applied before encryption.
Reference(s) used for this question:
Wikipedia on Block Cipher mode at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation and http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip81.htm

Media Viability Controls include marking, handling and storage.
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the
Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 231.

Explanation/Reference:
The bottom-up approach to software testing begins with the testing of atomic units, such as programs and modules, and work upwards until a complete system testing has taken place. The advantages of using a bottom-up approach to software testing are the fact that there is no need for stubs or drivers and errors in critical modules are found earlier. The other choices refer to advantages of a top down approach which follows the opposite path.
Source: Information Systems Audit and Control Association, Certified Information Systems Auditor 2002 review manual, chapter 6: Business Application System Development, Acquisition, Implementation and Maintenance (page 299).

Explanation/Reference:
In computer science, hierarchical protection domains, often called protection rings, are mechanisms to protect data and functionality from faults (fault tolerance) and malicious behaviour (computer security). This approach is diametrically opposite to that of capability-based security.
Computer operating systems provide different levels of access to resources. A protection ring is one of two or more hierarchical levels or layers of privilege within the architecture of a computer system. This is generally hardware-enforced by some CPU architectures that provide different CPU modes at the hardware or microcode level.
Rings are arranged in a hierarchy from most privileged (most trusted, usually numbered zero) to least privileged (least trusted, usually with the highest ring number). On most operating systems, Ring 0 is the level with the most privileges and interacts most directly with the physical hardware such as the CPU and memory.
Special gates between rings are provided to allow an outer ring to access an inner ring’s resources in a predefined manner, as opposed to allowing arbitrary usage. Correctly gating access between rings can improve security by preventing programs from one ring or privilege level from misusing resources intended for programs in another. For example, spyware running as a user program in Ring 3 should be prevented from turning on a web camera without informing the user, since hardware access should be a Ring 1 function reserved for device drivers. Programs such as web browsers running in higher numbered rings must request access to the network, a resource restricted to a lower numbered ring.
“They provide strict boundaries and definitions on what the processes that work within each ring can access” is incorrect. This is in fact one of the characteristics of a ring protection system.
“Programs operating in inner rings are usually referred to as existing in a privileged mode” is incorrect.
This is in fact one of the characteristics of a ring protection system.
“They support the CIA triad requirements of multitasking operating systems” is incorrect. This is in fact one of the characteristics of a ring protection system.
Reference(s) used for this question:
CBK, pp. 310-311
AIO3, pp. 253-256
AIOv4 Security Architecture and Design (pages 308 – 310)
AIOv5 Security Architecture and Design (pages 309 – 312)

Explanation/Reference:
The use of tools simplifies this process. Not only do they usually have a database of assests, threats, and vulnerabilities but they also speed up the entire process.
Using Automated tools for performing a risk assessment can reduce the time it takes to perform them and can simplify the process as well. The better types of these tools include a well-researched threat population and associated statistics. Using one of these tools virtually ensures that no relevant threat is overlooked, and associated risks are accepted as a consequence of the threat being overlooked.
In most situations, the assessor will turn to the use of a variety of automated tools to assist in the vulnerability assessment process. These tools contain extensive databases of specific known vulnerabilities as well as the ability to analyze system and network configuration information to predict where a particular system might be vulnerable to different types of attacks. There are many different types of tools currently available to address a wide variety of vulnerability assessment needs. Some tools will examine a system from the viewpoint of the network, seeking to determine if a system can be compromised by a remote attacker exploiting available services on a particular host system. These tools will test for open ports listening for connections, known vulnerabilities in common services, and known operating system exploits.
Michael Gregg says:
Automated tools are available that minimize the effort of the manual process. These programs enable users to rerun the analysis with different parameters to answer “what-ifs.” They perform calculations quickly and can be used to estimate future expected losses easier than performing the calculations manually.
Shon Harris in her latest book says:
The gathered data can be reused, greatly reducing the time required to perform subsequent analyses. The risk analysis team can also print reports and comprehensive graphs to present to management.
Reference(s) used for this question:
Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 4655-4661). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.
and
CISSP Exam Cram 2 by Michael Gregg
and
Harris, Shon (2012-10-25). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition (Kindle Locations 2333-2335).
McGraw-Hill. Kindle Edition.
The following answers are incorrect:
Much of the data gathered during the review cannot be reused for subsequent analysis. Is incorrect because the data can be reused for later analysis.
Automated methodologies require minimal training and knowledge of risk analysis. Is incorrect because it is not the best answer. While a minimal amount of training and knowledge is needed, the analysis should still be performed by skilled professionals.
Most software tools have user interfaces that are easy to use and does not require any training. Is incorrect because it is not the best answer. While many of the user interfaces are easy to use it is better if the tool already has information built into it. There is always a training curve when any product is being used for the first time.

Section: Access Control
Explanation/Reference:
The preventive/technical pairing uses technology to enforce access control policies.
TECHNICAL CONTROLS
Technical security involves the use of safeguards incorporated in computer hardware, operations or applications software, communications hardware and software, and related devices. Technical controls are sometimes referred to as logical controls.
Preventive Technical Controls
Preventive technical controls are used to prevent unauthorized personnel or programs from gaining remote access to computing resources. Examples of these controls include:
Access control software.
Antivirus software.
Library control systems.
Passwords.
Smart cards.
Encryption.
Dial-up access control and callback systems.
Preventive Physical Controls
Preventive physical controls are employed to prevent unauthorized personnel from entering computing facilities (i.e., locations housing computing resources, supporting utilities, computer hard copy, and input data media) and to help protect against natural disasters. Examples of these controls include:
Backup files and documentation.
Fences.
Security guards.
Badge systems.
Double door systems.
Locks and keys.
Backup power.
Biometric access controls.
Site selection.
Fire extinguishers.
Preventive Administrative Controls
Preventive administrative controls are personnel-oriented techniques for controlling people’s behavior to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computing data and programs. Examples of preventive administrative controls include:
Security awareness and technical training.
Separation of duties.
Procedures for recruiting and terminating employees.
Security policies and procedures.
Supervision.
Disaster recovery, contingency, and emergency plans.
User registration for computer access.
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 34.

Identification is used to establish user accountability. Many times identification takes the form of a logon ID.

Absolute/Direct
+——+—–+————————————–+ | load | reg | address | +——+—–+————————————–+
(Effective address = address as given in instruction)
This requires space in an instruction for quite a large address. It is often available on CISC machines which have variable-length instructions, such as x86.
Some RISC machines have a special Load Upper Literal instruction which places a 16-bit
constant in the top half of a register. An OR literal instruction can be used to insert a 16-bit
constant in the lower half of that register, so that a full 32-bit address can then be used via
the register-indirect addressing mode, which itself is provided as “base-plus-offset” with an
offset of 0.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addressing_mode (Very good coverage of the subject)
also see:
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the
Ten Domains of Computer Security, page 186.
also see:
http://www.comsci.us/ic/notes/am.html

Explanation/Reference:
In computer science, hierarchical protection domains, often called protection rings, are a mechanism to protect data and functionality from faults (fault tolerance) and malicious behavior (computer security). This approach is diametrically opposite to that of capability-based security.
Computer operating systems provide different levels of access to resources. A protection ring is one of two or more hierarchical levels or layers of privilege within the architecture of a computer system. This is generally hardware-enforced by some CPU architectures that provide different CPU modes at the hardware or microcode level. Rings are arranged in a hierarchy from most privileged (most trusted, usually numbered zero) to least privileged (least trusted, usually with the highest ring number). On most operating systems, Ring 0 is the level with the most privileges and interacts most directly with the physical hardware such as the CPU and memory.
Special gates between rings are provided to allow an outer ring to access an inner ring’s resources in a predefined manner, as opposed to allowing arbitrary usage. Correctly gating access between rings can improve security by preventing programs from one ring or privilege level from misusing resources intended for programs in another. For example, spyware running as a user program in Ring 3 should be prevented from turning on a web camera without informing the user, since hardware access should be a Ring 1 function reserved for device drivers. Programs such as web browsers running in higher numbered rings must request access to the network, a resource restricted to a lower numbered ring.
Ring Architecture

All of the other answers are incorrect because they are detractors.
References:
OIG CBK Security Architecture and Models (page 311)
and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_%28computer_security%29

Section: Cryptography
Explanation/Reference:
The International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) is a block cipher that operates on 64 bit blocks of data with a 128-bit key. The data blocks are divided into 16 smaller blocks and each has eight rounds of mathematical functions performed on it. It is used in the PGP encryption software.
Source: WALLHOFF, John, CBK#5 Cryptography (CISSP Study Guide), April 2002 (page 3).

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) is sometimes used to transfer configuration files from equipments such as routers but the primary difference between FTP and TFTP is that TFTP does not require authentication. Speed and ability to automate are not important.
Both of these protocols (FTP and TFTP) can be used for transferring files across the Internet. The differences between the two protocols are explained below:
FTP is a complete, session-oriented, general purpose file transfer protocol. TFTP is used
as a bare-bones special purpose file transfer protocol.
FTP can be used interactively. TFTP allows only unidirectional transfer of files.
FTP depends on TCP, is connection oriented, and provides reliable control. TFTP depends
on UDP, requires less overhead, and provides virtually no control.
FTP provides user authentication. TFTP does not.
FTP uses well-known TCP port numbers: 20 for data and 21 for connection dialog. TFTP
uses UDP port number 69 for its file transfer activity.
The Windows NT FTP server service does not support TFTP because TFTP does not
support authentication.
Windows 95 and TCP/IP-32 for Windows for Workgroups do not include a TFTP client
program.
Ref: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/102737

Explanation/Reference:
Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a symmetric key algorithm. Originally developed by IBM, under project name Lucifer, this 128-bit algorithm was accepted by the NIST in 1974, but the total key size was reduced to 64 bits, 56 of which make up the effective key, plus and extra 8 bits for parity. It somehow became a national cryptographic standard in 1977, and an American National Standard Institute (ANSI) standard in
1978. DES was later replaced by the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) by the NIST.
Source: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2002, chapter
8: Cryptography (page 525).

Very-high data-rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) can deliver up to 52 Mbps downstream over a single copper twisted pair over a relatively short distance (1000 to 4500 feet). DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a modem technology for broadband data access over ordinary copper telephone lines (POTS) from homes and businesses. xDSL refers collectively to all types of DSL, such as ADSL (and G.Lite), HDSL, SDSL, IDSL and VDSL etc. They are sometimes referred to as last-mile (or first mile) technologies because they are used only for connections from a telephone switching station to a home or office, not between switching stations.
xDSL is similar to ISDN in as much as both operate over existing copper telephone lines (POTS) using sophisticated modulation schemes and both require the short runs to a central telephone office
Graphic below from: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/vdsl3.htm

DSL speed chart
The following are incorrect answers:
Single-line Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) deliver 2.3 Mbps of bandwidth each way. High-rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) deliver 1.544 Mbps of bandwidth each way. ADSL delivers a maximum of 8 Mbps downstream for a total combined speed of almost 9 Mbps up and down.
Reference used for this question:
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/vdsl3.htm and http://www.javvin.com/protocolxDSL.html and KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 115).

Explanation/Reference:
The Key Distribution Center (KDC) holds all users’ and services’ cryptographic keys. It provides authentication services, as well as key distribution functionality. The Authentication Service is the part of the KDC that authenticates a principal. The Key Distribution Service and Key Granting Service are distracters and are not defined Kerberos components.
Source: WALLHOFF, John, CISSP Summary 2002, April 2002, CBK#1 Access Control System & Methodology (page 3)